Summary report of a national survey of Kashin-Beck disease prevalence in 2020 / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective:To investigate the dynamic prevalence of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) in 2020, and to provide the basis for assessment of KBD control and elimination.Methods:According to the "Kashin-Beck Disease Monitoring Plan (2019 Edition)", collection of basic information of endemic areas and children KBD examination were executed in all endemic areas from every endemic county (city, district, banner) of 13 endemic provinces. All children aged 7 - 12 years in endemic areas underwent clinical examination, X-ray examination was performed for clinically positive children. According to the criteria of "Diagnosis of Kashin-Beck Disease" (WS/T 207-2010), KBD cases were diagnosed by both clinical examination and X-ray check.Results:In monitoring of 827 986 children of 7 - 12 years old, a total of 703 children with similar clinical signs of KBD were suspected positive cases. X-ray results showed that 703 children were normal, with no X-ray positive change, they were not children KBD cases.Conclusions:In 2020, no cases of Kashin-Beck disease are detected in children nationwide, and the condition of Kashin-Beck disease in children nationwide continues to be at a level of elimination.

Risk factors for yersiniosis: a case-control study / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the risk factors for yersiniosis, so as to provide insights into prevention of yersiniosis.@*Methods@#The patients with yersiniosis admitted to the clinics in the surveillance site of Chengbei Township of Jin'an District and Chengnan Township of Yu'an District in Lu'an City from 2013 to 2021 were included as the case group, and the healthy family members matched to cases were selected as the family control group, while normal residents with a 1︰2 match in the same village, gender, and age difference within 5 years were included in the community control group. Participants' demographics, hand-washing and eating habits, living environment hygiene, poultry and livestock feeding were collected using questionnaire surveys, and factors affecting yersiniosis were identified using a multivariable conditional logistic regression model.@*Results@#There were 43 cases in the case group, with a median (interquartile range) age of 45 (34) years, 91 cases in the family control group, with a median (interquartile range) age of 36 (36) years and 86 cases in the community control group, with a median (interquartile range) age of 46 (34) years. Multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the family control group, the habit of drinking unboiled water (OR=6.721, 95%CI: 1.765-25.588), and direct consumption of food stored in the refrigerator (OR=7.089, 95%CI: 1.873-26.829) were risk factors for yersiniosis in the case group; and compared with the community control group, not washing hands after contacting with poultry and livestock (OR=50.592, 95%CI: 2.758-927.997), habit of eating raw vegetables and fruits (OR=5.340, 95%CI: 1.022-27.887), direct consumption of food stored in the refrigerator (OR=19.973, 95%CI: 2.118-188.336), and unclean refrigerator (OR=12.692, 95%CI: 1.992-80.869) were risk factors for yersiniosis in the case group. Compared with the family and community control groups, not washing hands after contacting with poultry and livestock (OR=4.075, 95%CI: 1.427-11.637), habit of drinking unboiled water (OR=4.153, 95%CI: 1.331-12.957), habit of eating raw vegetables and fruits (OR=4.744, 95%CI: 1.609-13.993), and direct consumption of food stored in the refrigerator (OR=5.051, 95%CI: 1.773-14.395) were risk factors for yersiniosis in the control group.@*Conclusion@#Unhealthy habits such as eating raw vegetables and fruits, drinking unboiled water, direct consumption of food stored in the refrigerator, unclean refrigerator, and not washing hands after contacting poultry and livestock may increase the risk of yersiniosis.

Effects of glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and diacerein on liver function in patients with Kashin-Beck disease / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective:To investigate the effects of glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and diacerein on liver function in patients with Kashin-Beck disease.Methods:According to the criteria of "Diagnosis of Kashin-Beck Disease" (WS/T 207-2010), 333 cases of Kashin-Beck disease were selected from the disease severely affected areas, and randomly divided into 3 groups according to the matching principle of age, gender and disease grading: glucosamine sulfate group (group A, 118 cases), chondroitin sulfate group (group B, 99 cases) and diacerein group (group C, 116 cases), and the patients in each group were treated for 180 days. Fasting venous blood samples were collected from the patients in the three groups at 0, 90 and 180 days after treatment. Serum was separated. The biochemical analyzer was used to determine the serum levels of albumin (ALB), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), direct bilirubin (DBIL), glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), total bilirubin (TBIL), and total protein (TP) of the three groups of patients.Results:There was no difference in the expression levels of 8 liver function indexes between the groups on day 0 of treatment ( P > 0.05). After 90 days of treatment, the expression level of GGT in group B was higher than that in group A ( P < 0.05); compared with 0 day of treatment, ALB levels of groups A, B and C were all decreased, ALP and TBIL levels increased ( P < 0.05), the abnormal expression rate of ALB index decreased in all the three groups ( P < 0.001), the abnormal expression rate of TBIL index in group A was decreased ( P = 0.006). After 180 days of treatment, ALB level of group B was higher than that of group A, ALP level of group B was higher than that of groups A and C, and AST level of group B was higher than that of group C ( P < 0.05); compared with 90 days of treatment, ALB levels of groups A, B and C were all increased, ALP, ALT and AST levels of groups A and C were decreased, GGT levels of groups B and C were decreased ( P < 0.05); compared with 0 day of treatment, the abnormal expression rate of ALB index increased in all the three groups at 180 days of treatment ( P < 0.001), and the abnormal expression rate of ALP index decreased in group C ( P = 0.031). Conclusion:The liver function indicators ALB, ALP and TBIL should be monitored when taking the three oral drugs for a short time, especially the GGT, ALP and AST indicators when taking chondroitin sulfate for a long time.

Effect of glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and diacetarine on renal function in adult patients with Kashin-Beck disease / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective:To investigate the effects of glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and diacetarine on urinary renal function indexes UREA, creatinine (CREA), urinary microprotein(mALB) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosidase (NAG) in adult patients with Kashin-Beck disease.Methods:According to the criteria of "Diagnosis of Kashin-Beck Disease" (WS/T 207-2010), adult patients with degrees Ⅰ and Ⅱ Kashin-Beck disease in Heilongjiang Province were selected in 2019. They were randomly divided into three treatment groups according to age, gender, disease classification and other condition by clinical randomized controlled trial, group A (glucosamine sulfate group), group B (chondroitin sulfate group) and group C (diacetarine group). Fasting mid-morning urine was collected at 0, 90 and 180 days of treatment. The levels of UREA, CREA, mALB and NAG were measured using an automatic biochemical analyzer. And the abnormal rates of the above indexes were analyzed.Results:At 0 day of treatment, there were 118, 99 and 116 people in the 3 groups, respectively; after 90 days of treatment, 115, 93 and 106 people remained in the 3 groups; after 180 days of treatment, 95, 80 and 93 people remained in the 3 groups. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the levels of UREA, CREA, NAG and mALB among the 3 groups at 0 and 180 days of treatment ( H = 0.055, 0.923, 0.276, 1.125, 1.635, 3.873, 1.045, 4.135, P > 0.05). After 90 days of treatment, there was no significant difference in CREA level among the 3 groups ( H = 1.719, P > 0.05), the levels of UREA and NAG in group C were higher than those in group B ( P < 0.05), and the level of mALB in group B was higher than that in group C ( P < 0.05). The comparison results of all indexes before and after treatment showed that after 90 days of treatment, the levels of mALB in the 3 groups were lower than those of 0 day ( Z = - 2.858, - 3.217, - 2.124, P < 0.05), the levels of NAG were higher than those of 0 day ( Z = - 3.700, - 2.222, - 4.672, P < 0.05); and the level of UREA in group C was higher than that of 0 day ( Z = - 2.393, P < 0.05). After 180 days of treatment, the levels of CREA in the 3 groups were higher than those of 0 day ( Z = - 5.853, - 6.984, - 6.255, P < 0.05), and the levels of mALB in the 3 groups were lower than those of 0 day ( Z = - 3.785, - 2.624, - 3.427, P < 0.05). The abnormal rates of CREA in the 3 groups after 180 days of treatment were higher than those of 0 and 90 days (χ 2 = 39.499, 37.707, 71.534, 57.959, 58.160, 55.129, P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the abnormal rate of CREA between 0 day and 90 days of treatment (χ 2 = 0.004, 2.068, 0.053, P > 0.05). The abnormal rates of NAG in groups A and C after 90 days of treatment were higher than those of 0 day (χ 2 = 8.999, 11.227, P < 0.05). The abnormal rates of NAG in group C after 180 days of treatment was higher than that of 0 day (χ 2 = 5.006, P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the abnormal rate of NAG between group A and group C after 90 days and 180 days of treatment (χ 2 = 1.976, 1.413, P > 0.05). The abnormal rates of mALB in groups A and B after 90 days and 180 days of treatment were lower than those of 0 day (χ 2 = 6.461, 8.881, 7.563, 4.999, P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference between 90 days of treatment and 180 days of treatment (χ 2 = 0.638, 0.013, P > 0.05). Conclusions:The effects of glucosamine sulfate, compound chondroitin sulfate and diacetarine on renal function of the patients are not significantly different after 180 days of medication, but the three drugs all have certain effects on CREA and NAG. Follow-up work should be done during drug treatment to closely monitor the changes of the two indicators.

A comparative study of the efficacy of glucosamine sulfate and diacerein in the treatment of adult Kashin-Beck disease / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective:To observe and compare the therapeutic effects of glucosamine sulfate (GS) and diacerein (DCN) on adult Kashin-Beck disease (KBD).Methods:A clinical randomized controlled trial was conducted in the historical severe KBD areas Fanrong Township, Fulu Town, Long'anqiao Town, Lianghe Town, Shaowen Township of Heilongjiang Province, and 240 patients were selected according to the criteria of "Diagnosis of Kashin-Beck Disease" (WS/T 207-2010), then divided into GS and DCN groups (gender, age, and KBD condition balanced) via the random number table method, with 120 patients in each group. Followed up once a month to investigate the patient's medication and clinical symptoms, and distributed drugs for the next stage. Fasting blood samples and urine samples were collected before, during, and at the end of treatment (0, 90, and 180 days). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the serum interleukin (IL)-1β level and urine pyridinol (PYD) level. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores, evaluation of affected joints, self-evaluated efficacy, and evaluation of adverse reactions were carried out through questionnaires. Joint dysfunction scores and medications efficacy determination were performed according to the "Judgment of Kaschin-Beck Disease Treatment Effect" (WS/T 79-2011).Results:Expression of cytokines related to cartilage metabolism: after 180 days of treatment, serum IL-1β levels, urine PYD levels in GS group and urine PYD levels in DCN group were lower than those in the same group at 0 day of treatment ( Z = - 2.332, - 5.420, - 5.204, P < 0.05). VAS scores: after 90 days of treatment, the pain, stiffness scores of patients in GS group and the pain, stiffness, and function scores in DCN group were lower than those in the same group at 0 day of treatment ( Z = - 2.612, - 2.359, - 3.637, - 2.881, - 2.238, P < 0.05); after 180 days of treatment, the pain, stiffness and function scores of patients in GS and DCN groups were significantly lower than those of the same group at 0 day of treatment ( Z = - 6.738, - 9.530, - 7.781, - 5.428, - 3.761, - 3.587, P < 0.01). Evaluation of affected joints: after 90 and 180 days of treatment, except for pain of weather changes in DCN group, the scores of symptomatic joints in the two groups were lower than those at 0 day of treatment ( P < 0.05). Efficacy self-evaluation: after 180 days of treatment, the self-evaluated efficacy ratio of DCN group was higher than that of GS group and the same group after 90 days of treatment (χ 2 = 4.165, 4.022, P < 0.05). Evaluation of adverse reactions: after 90 and 180 days of treatment, the main adverse reactions of patients in GS and DCN groups were gastrointestinal symptoms. Joint dysfunction scores: after 90 days of treatment, the sum of the effective rate and the markedly effective rate of GS group was higher than that of DCN group (χ 2 = 4.993 , P < 0.05); while after the 180 days of treatment, there was no significant difference between the two groups (χ 2 = 0.417 , P > 0.05). Conclusions:Both GS and DCN have a certain therapeutic effect on adult KBD and can improve clinical symptoms. The GS takes effect quickly, and long-term use can protect cartilage from inflammatory factors to a certain extent.

Summary report of a national survey of Kashin-Beck disease prevalence in 2019 / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective:To master the status of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) in 2019, to provide the basis for assessment of KBD control and elimination.Methods:Data of endemic areas basic information collection and children KBD examination were executed in all endemic villages from every endemic county (city, district, banner) of 13 endemic provinces. All children aged 7 - 12 years in endemic villages underwent clinical examination, and X-ray examination was performed for clinically positive children. When both the clinical examination and X-ray reexamination were positive, the diagnosis was KBD.Results:In monitoring of 823 365 7 - 12 years old children, a total of 3 057 children with similar clinical signs of KBD were suspected positive cases. The results of X-ray reexamination showed that the X-ray manifestations of 3 057 children were normal, and no X-ray positive changes were found, that is, there was no case of KBD in children. A total of 16 559 endemic villages in 13 endemic provinces were monitored, and all reached the criteria for KBD elimination. Surveillance of all endemic villages was completed except Tibet Autonomous Region, the KBD elimination rates of endemic villages were 100.00% in 12 endemic provinces and 99.01% (16 559/16 725) in all 13 endemic provinces.Conclusions:No children KBD case is detected in 2019, children KBD stays at its eliminating level throughout the country. And 100.00% endemic villages meet the criteria for KBD elimination in the remaining 12 endemic provinces except Tibet Autonomous Region.

Effects of T-2 toxin on inflammatory cytokines, CD44 and integrin in chondrocytes cultured in vitro / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective:To investigate the effects of T-2 toxin on expression of inflammatory cytokines, human leukocyte differentiation antigen (CD) 44 and integrin in chondrocytes cultured in vitro. Methods:Primary chondrocytes from SPF Wistar rats aged 1 to 2 days were isolated and cultured in vitro, and the chondrocytes were identified by toluidine blue staining. The effects of different dose of T-2 toxin (0, 2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 20 ng/ml) on proliferation of chondrocytes for 24, 48 and 72 h were detected via the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) method. According to the cell survival rate, T-2 toxin concentrations of 0 (control), 2, 4, 6 and 8 ng/ml were selected for subsequent experiments, and the exposure time was 48 h. The contents of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factors (TNF)-α and CD44 in cell supernatant were detected via the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The protein expression levels of integrin α5 and integrin β1 in chondrocytes were detected by Western blotting. Results:At the same exposure time, there were significant differences of the survival rate of chondrocytes between different dose groups ( F = 130.759, 258.250, 123.337, P < 0.01). At 48 h after exposure, there were statistically significant differences in IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and CD44 contents in the culture supernatant of chondrocytes between different dose of T-2 toxin groups ( F = 10.613, 4.805, 2.943, 12.395, P < 0.01 or < 0.05); among them, the IL-6 levels of 2, 4, 6 and 8 ng/ml groups were higher than that of control group ( P < 0.05); the IL-1β levels of 6, 8 ng/ml groups were higher than that of control and 2 ng/ml groups, and the 6 ng/ml group was higher than that of 4 ng/ml group ( P < 0.05); the TNF-α levels of 6, 8 ng/ml groups were lower than that of control group ( P < 0.05); the CD44 levels of 2, 4, 6 and 8 ng/ml groups were lower than that of control group ( P < 0.05). At 48 h after exposure, there were statistically significant differences in integrin α5 and integrin β1 protein expression levels between different dose of T-2 toxin groups ( F = 4.635, 4.376, P < 0.05). Among them, the protein expression levels of integrin α5 in 6, 8 ng/ml groups were significantly lower than that of control group ( P < 0.05); the protein expression levels of integrin β1 in 6, 8 ng/ml groups were significantly higher than that of control group ( P < 0.05). Conclusion:T-2 toxin may up-regulate the expressions of IL-6, IL-1β and integrin β1, while down-regulate the expressions of TNF-α, CD44 and integrin α5, then disrupt the balance between chondrocytes and extracellular matrix, and cause chondrocytes damage.

Investigation of physical disability in adults patients with Kashin-Beck disease / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective:To investigate the degree of limb dysfunction in adult patients with Kashin-Beck disease (KBD), and the correlation between clinical grade of KBD and physical disability classification.Methods:Based on the monitoring data, using typical survey methods, 10 natural villages were selected as survey sites in the historical critical area of KBD in Heilongjiang Province in 2015. Patients over 40 years old with KBD were investigated by questionnaire, joint range of motion(ROM) examination, and X-ray film were performed. The degree of physical disability of the surveyed patients was evaluated according to the national standard of "Classification and Grading of Disability of the Disabled" (GB/T 26341-2010). The correlation between clinical classification of KBD and limb disability classification was analyzed.Results:A total of 137 adult patients with KBD were investigated, the age was (57.4 ± 9.9) years old. Among them, 84 were males and 53 were females; 95 were grade Ⅰ, 30 were grade Ⅱ and 12 were grade Ⅲ. The most common joint pain of upper limb was interphalangeal joint(126 cases, 126/137), followed by elbow joint (116 cases, 116/137); the lower limbs were mainly ankle joint (118 cases, 118/137) and knee joint (107 cases, 107/137). There were significant differences of detection rates in elbow, knee, ankle, hip and wrist joints dysfunction among different age groups ( P < 0.05). The detection rate increased with age. There was no correlation between the clinical grade of KBD and the classification of physical disability ( rs = - 0.142, P > 0.05). KBD patients accounted for the highest proportion of tertiary disability (60 cases, 60/137). The physical disability of male patients was more serious than that of female patients (χ 2 = 22.610, P < 0.01). Conclusions:In adults with KBD, interphalangeal joint pain is the most common in the upper limbs, and the ankle and knee joints are the most common in the lower limbs. There is no correlation between clinical grade of KBD and the level of physical disability. The degree of physical disability in male patients is higher than that in female patients.

Effects of DON on the expression of inflammatory cytokines, CD44, MMP-13, and integrin in cultured chondrocytes / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective:To observe the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) on the expression of chondrocyte inflammatory cytokines, cluster of differentiation (CD) 44, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 and integrin in vitro. Methods:Primary chondrocytes from Wistar rats aged 1 to 2 days were isolated, and the chondrocytes were identified by toluidine blue staining. The effects of DON (dose groups of 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 μg/ml) on proliferation of chondrocytes were detected by CCK-8 method for 24, 48 and 72 h. According to the cell survival rate, the DON concentrations [0.00 (control), 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 μg/ml] were selected for subsequent experiments, and the exposure time was 48 h. The contents of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factors (TNF)-α, CD44 and MMP-13 in the cell culture supernatant were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The expression levels of CD44 and integrin subunits α2, α5, and β1 protein in chondrocytes were detected by Western blotting.Results:The survival rate of chondrocytes decreased with the increase of DON concentrations and time ( P < 0.01). There were statistically significant differences in IL-6 content between different groups ( H = 13.425, P < 0.01), and 0.10 μg/ml group [256.89 (191.02, 477.58) pg/ml] was significantly higher than that of the control group [10.37 (0.00, 119.13) pg/ml, P < 0.05]. There were no statistically significant differences in IL-1β and TNF-α contents between the groups ( F = 0.881, 1.317, P > 0.05). The CD44 contents in 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 μg/ml groups [(0.87 ± 0.21), (0.85 ± 0.24), (0.77 ± 0.17) pg/ml] were lower than that in the control group [(1.06 ± 0.19) pg/ml, P < 0.05]. There were statistically significant differences in MMP-13 expression between the groups ( F = 7.947, P < 0.01). There were statistically significant differences in protein expression of CD44, integrin subunits α2, α5 and β1 between the groups ( F = 5.737, 6.562, 6.074, 4.476, P < 0.05 or < 0.01). Conclusion:DON may disrupt the balance between cells and extracellular matrix by increasing the expression of IL-6, MMP-13, integrin subunits α2 and β1, and inhibiting the expression of CD44 and integrin subunit α5, thus causing cartilage injury.

Effects of deoxynivalenol on articular cartilage injury / 中华地方病学杂志

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of mycotoxins produced by fungal pathogen of fusarium,which has strong cytotoxicity.The study of articular cartilage injury is focused on the study of Kaschin-Beck disease (KBD)pathogenesis.DON can inhibit the proliferation of chondrocytes,induce apoptosis,affect the cell-related metabolic enzymes and other ways to break the balance of chondrocytes and extracellular matrix,eventually leading to irreversible damage of articular cartilage.This article reviews the role of DON toxin in the cartilage injury.

Updated progress in susceptibility genes and environmental response genes of Kaschin-Beck disease / 中华地方病学杂志

Kaschin-Beck disease is an endemic and deformed chronic osteochondropathy. Though the etiology is not well clear, the etiologic hypotheses have been mainly focused on bio-geochemical hypotheses, the hypotheses of mycotoxin poisoning under low selenium condition and the hypotheses of toxic organic compounds in drinking water. Prevention and control measures based on these hypotheses have shown remarkable achievements. Depending on the related research at home and abroad, this paper reviews the new developments of pathogen, pathogenesis and prevention on Kaschin-Beck disease in recent years.In terms of scientific research,new progresses have been made in the aspects of environmental factors associated with the pathogenesis of Kaschin-Beck disease, molecular biology, genomics, proteomics and environmental response genes. As for prevention and treatment, new progress has been made in such fields as supplement of selenium and treatment of traditional Chinese medicine.

Toxicity test of T-2 toxin on parental mice and their offspring / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of different doses of T-2 toxin on the expression of cytokines cytokines and pathological changes in parental mice and their offspring. Methods One hundred female mice and 25 male mice (CD-1, SPF) were adapted for one week. After regular random mating, observation of vaginal suppository within the first 24 hours was as the 0th day of pregnancy. The pregnant rats were divided into high dose, medium dose, low dose and control groups according to body weight by a random number table(Feed: the doses of T-2 toxin were 1 200, 600, 300, and 0 μg/kg, respectively), with 16 - 18 rats in each group. The high, middle and low dose groups began to consume the poisoned feed on the 0th day of pregnancy, while the control group consumed the standard feed. After natural delivery, their offspring were continually treated the same way as their mother until the offspring reached adulthood. Serum levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), organ coefficient and pathological changes of articular cartilage were determined. Results The levels of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α in the control, low, middle and high T-2 toxin groups during the pro-pregnancy of the middle-aged mice were [(219.56 ± 19.32), (136.89 ± 20.41), (210.49 ± 21.23), (207.41 ± 21.23); (192.73 ± 22.43), (136.25 ± 29.55), (187.43 ± 39.32), (232.48 ± 39.32); (1 303.02 ± 142.10), (1 072.60 ± 78.30), (1 065.03 ± 37.44), and (1 169.72 ± 104.18) ng/L], respectively. The differences between control and T-2 toxin treated groups were statistically significant (F = 17.124, 6.237, 7.670, P < 0.05). For further pairwise comparison,IL-1β and IL-6 in low dose group were significantly lower than those in control, middle and high dose groups (P < 0.05); TNF-α content in control group was significantly higher than those in low,middle and high dose groups(P<0.05).There were significant differences in the levels of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α between the control group and the low,middle and high dose groups of offspring weanling mice[(142.36 ± 13.36),(113.01 ± 8.65), (102.13 ± 8.31), (123.42 ± 10.41); (109.92 ± 9.76), (100.26 ± 15.60), (85.25 ± 9.97), (100.21 ± 16.46);(1 308.45 ± 204.90), (1 248.60 ± 96.85), (1 081.09 ± 105.51), (1 204.87 ± 153.96) ng/L, F = 49.823, 10.530, 7.490, P < 0.05]. The levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in the control group were significantly higher than those in the low, middle and high dose groups(P < 0.05).The levels of TNF-α in the control group were significantly higher than those in the medium and high dose groups(P < 0.05).The levels of the three cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in adult filial mice were significantly different [(69.71 ± 9.61), (61.31 ± 10.07), (63.07 ± 10.39), (58.56 ± 9.69); (172.55 ± 24.55),(146.91 ± 13.47),(151.02 ± 24.93), (157.21 ± 17.86); (1 136.87 ± 137.39), (1 002.22 ± 86.52), (987.12 ± 130.80),(1 047.21 ± 171.64)ng/L, F=4.670,5.636, 4.775, P < 0.05], the contents of the three cytokines in the poisoning groups were significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The organ coefficients of thymus, spleen and liver in the second trimester were significantly different [(0.14 ± 0.03), (0.20 ± 0.06), (0.15 ± 0.02), (0.12 ± 0.03); (0.71 ± 0.16), (0.78 ± 0.14), (0.77 ± 0.15), (0.38 ± 0.10); (6.19 ± 0.43), (5.57 ± 0.57), (6.04 ± 0.32), (5.11 ± 0.29), F = 4.056, 11.064, 8.312, P < 0.05], and the thymus index was significantly increased in low dose group (P<0.05),spleen coefficient decreased significantly in high dose group (P < 0.05), and liver coefficients in low and high dose group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). In the offspring, the midbrain coefficient of viscera showed significant changes [(3.45 ± 0.73), (3.11 ± 0.31), (2.98 ± 0.45), (3.04 ± 0.22), F = 7.529, P < 0.05], which was significantly decreased in the exposed rats(P<0.05).Both the mid-pregnant mice and filial mice showed varying degrees of changes in epiphyseal cartilage injury. The degree of epiphyseal cartilage injury became higher with increasing dosages of T-2 toxin in mid-pregnancy and post-weaning parental mice, and the injury was more serious in post-weaning mice. Conclusions Exposure to T-2 toxin can cause decrease of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the blood of CD-1 pregnant and filial mice, and also cause the cartilage damage in mice, which are aggravated following increased doses of T-2 toxin and extension of exposure time.

Effects of different doses of T-2 toxin on organs and bones of BALB/c pregnant mice and their offspring mice / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective To study the effects of different doses of T-2 toxin on organs and bones of BALB/c pregnant mice and their offspring mice.Methods Sixty female SPF BALB/c mice at the age of 6-weeks were mated with 30 6-week-old male SPF BALB/c mice.Female mice were divided into control,low dose,medium dose and high dose groups according to body weight via the random digital table method,with 15 mice in each group.After mating with male mice,the pregnant mice in each group were 14,10,9 and 15,respectively.Nutritional interventions (feed:the doses of T-2 toxin were 0,600,1 200 and 2 400 ng/g,respectively) were initiated from the gestation day 0 until the first generation mice were grown up (6-weeks-old).The growth status and organ coefficient (heart,liver,kidney,thymus,spleen and brain) of the two generations in each period were recorded.Skeletal X-ray photographs of the two generations were taken by digital radiography.The histopathological changes in the organs (liver,thymus,spleen and epiphyseal cartilage) of the two generations were observed under light microscope.Results Among the pregnant mice,there were no significant differences in organ coefficients (P ＞ 0.05).No abnormalities were observed in each group of skeletal X-ray photographs.In the female generation mice,there were no significant differences in the coefficients of heart,liver and kidney (F =0.233,2.196,0.430,P ＞ 0.05),while there were significant differences in the coefficients of thymus,spleen and brain (F=3.683,3.148,4.498,P ＜ 0.05),and the thymus coefficient of medium dose group was higher than that of control group;the thymus coefficient of high dose group was lower than that of other three groups;the spleen coefficients of the three dose groups were higher than that of control group;the brain coefficients of the three dose groups were lower than that of control group (P ＜ 0.05).In the male generation mice,there were no significant differences in the coefficients of thymus and brain (F =2.447,1.620,P ＞ 0.05),while there were significant differences in the coefficients of heart,liver,kidney and spleen (F =5.339,2.738,11.435,2.872,P ＜ 0.05),and the heart coefficient of high dose group was lower than that of control group and low dose group;the coefficients of liver and kidney in medium dose and high dose groups were lower than those in control and low dose groups;the spleen coefficients of the three dose groups were higher than that of control group (P ＜ 0.05).The pathological changes of liver,thymus,spleen and epiphyseal cartilage were found in dose exposure groups;epiphyseal hyperplasia was found in the skeletal X-ray photographs of medium and high dose groups.Conclusion T-2 toxin has no significant effects on pregnant mice,but it could cause damage to the organs and epiphyseal plate cartilage of the first generation,and the location of the injury is related to gender.

A review of the effect of T-2 toxin on chondrocytes cultured in vitro / 中华地方病学杂志

T-2 toxin is a secondary fungal metabolite that belongs to the trichothecene mycotoxin family.T-2 toxin can lead to the structural and functional changes of cartilage cells and cartilage cell degeneration and necrosis.With strong cytotoxicity,T-2 toxin can cause definite damage to cartilage cells.In this paper,we reviewed recent studies on the effects of T-2 toxin on chondrocyte apoptosis,ultra structural changes and extracellular matrix in vitro.

Research progress of T-2 toxin induced effects on pregnant mice and generation mice / 中华地方病学杂志

T-2 toxin is a secondary fungal metabolite that belongs to the trichothecene mycotoxin family,it is the most toxic in class A trichothecene mycotoxin.T-2 toxin can induce apoptosis in cells bearing high proliferating activity.The mycotoxin readily passes the placenta and is distributed to embryo tissues,which results in fetal brain damage,bone malformation,thymic atrophy and even death.This article reviewed the effects of T-2 toxin on immune system,blood system and cell toxicities in pregnant mice and generation mice.

Effect of Joint Needling plus Heat-tonifying Needling on the Motor Function of Knee Joint in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis / 上海针灸杂志

ObjectiveTo observe the clinical efficacy of joint needling plus heat-tonifying needling in treating knee osteoarthritis (KOA).MethodEighty KOApatients were randomized into atreatmentgroup and a control group. Thetreatmentgroup was intervened by joint needling plus heat-tonifying needling. The control group was intervened by ordinary acupuncture. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) from the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) was adopted to evaluate the pain intensity.Result The total effective rate was 92.5% in thetreatmentgroup, versus 87.5% inthe control group, and there was a significant difference in comparing the VAS score between thetreatmentgroup and the control group after intervention (P<0.05), indicating that the treatmentgroup had advantages in the improvement of the motor function of knee joint.ConclusionIn treating KOA, joint needling plus heat-tonifying needling has advantages in improving the motor function compared with ordinary acupuncture.

in vitro the Biological Characteristicsof Adenovirus-CD80-Transduced Human Lung Cancer Cells / 中国肿瘤生物治疗杂志

Objective: To investigate in vitro the biological characteristics of AdCD80-infected human lung cancer cells on the basis of generation of replication-deficient hB7-1(CD80) recombinant adenovirus. Methods: Human CD80 gene was transduced into lung cancer cells mediated by recombinant adenovirus and then the expression of the gene was detected by PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis. The biological characteristics of the above cells were analysed with electron microscope, FACS and etc. Results: The titers of rAd reached to 10 10 PFU/ml and more than 90% Anip973 lung cancer cells could be infected by 30 MOI rAd. The growth curve and cloning efficiency of rAdCD80-infected Anip973 cells showed no significant difference compared with that of the control cells. The cell proliferation cycle of rAdCD80-infected 973 cells showed no change through FACS test. Having been infected by rAdCD80, the surface structure and ultrastructure of 973 cells had a little change. Conclusion: These results will lay foundation for tumor vaccines.